VCSELs, or Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers, are becoming really important in LiDAR systems. These are especially popular in applications like self-driving cars and gadgets like smartphones. What makes VCSELs special? For starters, they produce a neat, round-shaped light beam, making it easier for LiDAR systems to direct and measure reflections. They can also be grouped together in arrays, which means they can capture detailed, high-resolution images. From a performance angle, VCSELs are consistent; they work well even if the temperature changes. They can also switch on and off super-fast, allowing LiDAR systems to get better data quickly. When it comes to production, VCSELs are cost-effective, mainly because they can be tested in batches. Plus, the light they emit is in the near-infrared range, which is generally safer for our eyes—important when they're used in everyday devices.

In our endeavor to enhance VCSEL's MBW, we crafted designs with VCSELs enclosed by multiple TCCs. Our data shows superior OFB in VCSELs, especially with tetrad and hexad cavities, reaching nearly 150 GHz MBWs. We also introduced a 2D TCC-VCSEL array aligned with laser transmitters, housing 64×64 elements and offering a vast field of view. The integrated slow-light effect enables remarkable phase shifts in a minimal space. With electro-optic control and adiabatic coupling, our system achieves rapid beam steering beyond 100 KHz, marking advancements in optoelectronic design.